Conditions Treated
Conditions I diagnose and treat, organised by subspecialty area.
Strabismus
- 01
Congenital esotropia
Constant large-angle inward deviation appearing within the first six months of life. Early surgery is essential to support the development of binocular vision.
- 02
Accommodative and partially accommodative esotropia
Inward deviation triggered by the eye's focusing effort, corrected fully or in part by glasses. Management may include spectacles, prisms or surgery depending on the residual angle.
- 03
Sixth nerve palsy
Weakness of the abducens nerve limiting outward eye movement and causing horizontal double vision. Evaluation always includes investigation of the underlying neurological or systemic cause.
- 04
Fourth nerve palsy
Trochlear nerve weakness producing vertical and torsional misalignment, often presenting with double vision and a compensatory head tilt. May be congenital or acquired.
- 05
Third nerve palsy
Oculomotor nerve palsy affecting multiple extraocular muscles, with resulting ptosis, eye deviation, and sometimes pupil involvement. Prompt neurological evaluation is required.
- 06
Restrictive strabismus in thyroid eye disease and orbital fracture with entrapment
Mechanical limitation of eye movement caused by thyroid eye disease or an orbital wall fracture with entrapped muscle, producing strabismus that requires specific surgical planning.
- 07
Duane syndrome
Congenital cranial nerve anomaly with limited horizontal eye movement and retraction of the globe on lateral gaze. Surgery targets the primary position and reduces anomalous head posture.
- 08
Myopic strabismus (heavy eye syndrome)
Convergent and downward deviation seen in high axial myopia, caused by prolapse of the elongated globe out of its normal muscle cone. Surgical realignment of the affected muscles restores eye position.
- 09
Sagging eye syndrome
Age-related loosening of the orbital connective tissue that supports the extraocular muscles, resulting in gradually progressive vertical or horizontal misalignment and double vision.
- 10
Congenital exotropia
Constant outward deviation present from birth or very early infancy. Rarer than congenital esotropia, it typically requires early surgical correction to allow binocular vision to develop.
- 11
Intermittent exotropia
Outward deviation that appears intermittently, particularly at distance or during fatigue. Treatment aims to strengthen binocular fusion and may include glasses, orthoptic exercises or surgery.
- 12
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD)
Slow upward drift of one eye when it is covered or visual attention is interrupted. Frequently associated with congenital esotropia; surgery is considered when the deviation is cosmetically or functionally significant.
Paediatric ophthalmological conditions
- 01
Diagnosis and management of myopia
Assessment of myopia onset, monitoring of progression, and counselling on optical correction and myopia control strategies in paediatric patients.
- 02
Diagnosis and management of astigmatism
Detection and correction of astigmatism in children, with attention to amblyopia risk and the impact on visual development.
- 03
Diagnosis and management of hyperopia
Identification of hyperopia, assessment of its effect on accommodation and binocular vision, and guidance on when optical correction is needed.
- 04
Diagnosis and management of amblyopia
Early detection of reduced vision in one or both eyes, followed by a structured treatment plan including optical correction, patching or other penalisation methods.
- 05
Diagnosis and management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Assessment of tearing and discharge in infants and young children, with management ranging from massage and conservative measures to probing or intubation when indicated.
- 06
Diagnosis and management of eyelid pathology in children (ptosis, epiblepharon, coloboma)
Evaluation and management of congenital or acquired eyelid conditions in children, with assessment of visual impact and timing of surgical intervention where required.
- 07
Thyroid eye disease in children
Recognition and monitoring of ocular manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in paediatric patients, with coordination of ophthalmological and endocrinological management.
- 08
Retinal pathology in children (Stargardt disease, retinal dystrophies, retinitis pigmentosa)
Diagnosis and follow-up of inherited retinal conditions in children, with guidance on genetic counselling and support for visual impairment.
- 09
Diagnosis of congenital cataract
Detection and assessment of lens opacity present at birth, with prompt referral for treatment to prevent deprivation amblyopia during the critical period of visual development.
- 10
Diagnosis of keratoconus
Early identification of keratoconus through clinical assessment and corneal topography, with guidance on progression monitoring and referral for crosslinking or contact lens fitting when indicated.
Adnexal conditions in adults
- 01
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelid margins, managed with targeted hygiene measures and topical or systemic treatment according to type and severity.
- 02
Conjunctivitis
Diagnosis of infective, allergic or toxic conjunctivitis, with appropriate treatment and guidance on preventing spread.
- 03
Dry eye syndrome
Evaluation of tear film quality and quantity, with a stepwise management plan including lubricants, anti-inflammatory drops and punctal plugs where indicated.
- 04
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Assessment of severe aqueous-deficient dry eye, including autoimmune-related forms, with evaluation of corneal involvement and targeted treatment to preserve the ocular surface.
- 05
Eyelid ptosis
Evaluation of upper eyelid drooping, investigation of the underlying cause and assessment of visual impact, with referral for surgical correction when indicated.
- 06
Exophthalmos of various causes
Assessment of proptosis from thyroid eye disease, orbital masses or vascular anomalies, with clinical measurement and referral for imaging and multidisciplinary management as needed.
- 07
Eyelid and conjunctival tumours
Clinical evaluation of eyelid and conjunctival lesions, with excision and histopathological analysis of suspicious lesions and appropriate follow-up planning.
Anterior segment conditions
- 01
Cataract
Diagnosis and grading of lens opacity, with monitoring of progression and timely referral for surgery when vision is significantly affected.
- 02
Glaucoma
Screening, intraocular pressure measurement and optic nerve assessment, with long-term monitoring and initiation of treatment to prevent progressive visual field loss.
- 03
Keratitis of various causes
Diagnosis of infective, inflammatory or exposure-related corneal inflammation, with targeted topical treatment and close follow-up to protect corneal integrity.
Posterior segment conditions
- 01
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal examination and monitoring plan for patients with diabetes, with assessment of severity and guidance on treatment including laser therapy or intravitreal injections.
- 02
Age-related macular degeneration
Diagnosis and staging of dry and wet age-related macular degeneration, with referral for intravitreal treatment and monitoring of progression.
- 03
Other retinal conditions
Evaluation of further retinal pathology including vascular occlusions, inherited dystrophies and other conditions affecting the posterior pole, with appropriate management and follow-up.
Subspecialty: strabology
For more about my background in strabology, the examination process, and what patients and parents can expect, visit the dedicated strabology page.
See the strabology pageBook a consultation